Allow shard setting with comments (#293)

What
Allows shard selection by the client to come in via comments like /* shard_id: 1 */ select * from foo;

Why
We're using a setup in Ruby that makes it tough or impossible to inject commands on the connection to set the shard before it gets to the "real" SQL being run. Instead we have an updated PG adapter that allows injection of comments before each executed SQL statement. We need this support in pgcat in order to keep some complex shard picking logic in Ruby code while using pgcat for connection management.

Local Testing
Run postgres and pgcat with the default options. Run psql < tests/sharding/query_routing_setup.sql to setup the database for the tests and run ./tests/pgbench/external_shard_test.sh as often as needed to exercise the shard setting comment test.

pgcat.toml

@@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ query_parser_enabled = true
 # queries. The primary can always be explicitly selected with our custom protocol.
 primary_reads_enabled = true
 
+# Allow sharding commands to be passed as statement comments instead of
+# separate commands. If these are unset this functionality is disabled.
+# sharding_key_regex = '/\* sharding_key: (\d+) \*/'
+# shard_id_regex = '/\* shard_id: (\d+) \*/'
+# regex_search_limit = 1000 # only look at the first 1000 characters of SQL statements
+
 # So what if you wanted to implement a different hashing function,
 # or you've already built one and you want this pooler to use it?
 #